The diagnosis is usually clear from the history. Examination may disclose the patella still lying lateral to the joint, but more usually the dislocation has been reduced and there is a swollen knee ...

increases in patellar length ratio (calculated from sagittal plane measurements), lateral patellar tilt angle and bisect offset (both calculated from transverse plane measurements) were associated ...

Additionally, the patellar tilt and shift to the lateral side were significantly increased compared to the healthy knee joints at 90° of flexion. During isometric muscle activity the amount of ...