It describes the forces and behavior of the Universe’s fundamental particles: quarks, leptons, and bosons. It is a very comprehensive framework backed by extensive experimental evidence and is ...
The author examines leptons, hadrons and quarks, before presenting the dynamics and the surprising properties of the charges of the different forces, concluding with a discussion on neutrino ...
Electrons are one of the six types of lepton. Leptons are particles that can exist on their own. Protons and neutrons belong to the ‘family’ of hadrons. The hadrons are the heavier particles.
These four fundamental forces exist between fermions (quarks and leptons). They arise from the exchange of bosons. Bosons are the 'force carrying' or 'force-mediating' particles. If a fermion ...