and theories of brain evolution have been enriched by historical data on brain sizes and shapes from the endocasts of skulls in an accumulating fossil record. Many of the structural and functional ...

Three-dimensional reconstruction of the brain endocast (purple), cranial nerves (yellow), inner ear (pink) and blood vessels (red and blue) of the British spinosaurid Ceratosuchops inferodios ...

However, this method had significant limitations. For one, it assumed that the endocast perfectly matched the brain’s ...

(The hobbit's skull and other bones are not fossilized and extremely fragile, making the standard method of making endocasts—pouring liquid rubber into the skull—not feasible.) They then ...

But Dean Falk from the School for Advanced Research in Santa Fe, an expert on fossil endocasts, adds the caution that Broca's area is defined by specific creases in the brain, and "it would be ...

To do so, Balanoff used a digitized database of endocasts, or molds of the internal space of dinosaur skulls, which when filled, resemble the brain. She identified and traced a sizable increase in ...

Early theories, based on natural endocasts (fossilised impressions of brain cavities), suggested that dinosaurs had small brains and limited cognitive abilities. This led to amusing, and now ...