The gangrenous areas extended to the heel in 5 limbs, but in no patient did gangrene extend above the malleoli. Atrophy of skin and muscle at the level of amputation was frequently present.

Measurement of maximal force was recorded in Newtons using a dynamometer placed above the lateral malleoli; the distance from the dynamometer to the greater trochanter (D) was recorded in metres.

In addition, to identify knee-joint and ankle-joint centres, respectively, single retroflective markers were placed on the right medial and lateral femoral condyles and medial and lateral malleoli.