They then interpret the braids obtained by suitably twisting these ribbons as the quarks, leptons and gauge bosons of the standard model of elementary particles (Fig. 1). The attractive feature of ...
Electrons are one of the six types of lepton. Leptons are particles that can exist on their own. Protons and neutrons belong to the ‘family’ of hadrons. The hadrons are the heavier particles.
Since the launch of the Large Hadron Collider, there has been ongoing research there into Higgs bosons and a search for traces of physics beyond the existing model of elementary particles. Scientists ...
These four fundamental forces exist between fermions (quarks and leptons). They arise from the exchange of bosons. Bosons are the 'force carrying' or 'force-mediating' particles. If a fermion ...
Atoms are shattered into electrons, protons, neutrons. Those minute pieces are pulped into quarks and leptons and gluons. And so on, tinier and tinier, denser and denser, until... Until no one knows.